hpv statistics in the philippines

Our results confirm that, as was found for squamous cell carcinoma, certain HPV types are the main cause of adenocarcinomacarcinoma. Gynecology Clinics Communication Public health Pediatrics Diagnostics. The HPV vaccine is available in schools for females and males aged 12 to 13 years through the National HPV Vaccination Program. For preventative measures, HPV vaccines are available and may be given to patients as young as 9 years old. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Demography and Health Indicators. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. The genotyping was carried out as follows: Briefly, a first screening to determine the overall presence of HPV was performed by use of a general primer GP5+6+-mediated PCR, which permits the detection of a broad spectrum of sequenced and stillunsequenced genital HPV types at the subpicogram level (7). A 208-bp sequence of the β-globin gene served as internal positive control. From April 1991 through April 1993, 387 consecutive women with a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer and 392 control women were identified from the outpatient clinics and wards of the Philippine General Hospital in Manila. Here are some additional facts and statistics about HPV infection: The CDC estimates that 79 million Trusted Source Americans have HPV. However, two (2.4%) of the cases, both of which were laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), tested positive for HPV DNA—one HPV11 and one HPV33. The average time taken to complete the interview was 23 minutes. Reproductive and Sexual Health for Juana and Juan | Dr. Maria Rowena Del Rosario-Raymundo. In specimens of adenocarcinomacarcinoma, HPV18 was the predominant type (57%), followed by HPV16 (27%) and HPV45 (17%). Search for other works by this author on: The Causal Link Between Human Papillomavirus And Invasive Cervical Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study In Colombia And Spain. The Viral Origin Of Cervical Cancer In Rabat, Morocco. Type-specific oligonucleotides (30-mers) were selected on the basis of sequence information from the HPV sequence database (14,15) after alignment analysis with the CLUSTAL program (PCRelease 6.7; Intelligenetics, Inc., Mountain View, CA) (16). Given the wide geographic variation of HPV involvement in HNSCC, this study evaluated for the first time the prevalence of HPV in HNSCC cases from the northwestern region of the Philippines diagnosed between 2003 to 2013. We thank Miss D. Magnin for handling the specimens and Mr. R. Pol for technical assistance. In view of the overall poor DNA quality of our samples, we did not attempt to analyze viral integration. In the United States, approximately 60–70% of their OPSCC cases are HPV-related [3]. Statistics. Among HPV types other than types 16 and 18, the associations of HPV with risk of squamous cell carcinoma were strong est for HPV45. Of the 75 HPV types that have been cloned to date, at least 30 are known to infect the genital tract and 18 of them have been detected in frozen biopsy specimens from about 1000 women from 22 countries who have been diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer (19). Methods: The study included 356 case subjects who had histologically confirmed cervical cancer (323 incident cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 33 incident cases of adenocarcinomacarcinoma) and 381 control subjects. All DNA extracts were analyzed for HPV DNA by broad spectrum general primer 5+/6+-polymerase chain reaction/multiplex human papillomavirus genotyping (BSGP5+/6+-PCR/MPG). However, there were some deviations from the protocol. A tumor biopsy specimen was also taken in most cases and kept frozen for virologic studies. Yes All HPV mRNA assays rendered negative results except for HPV11 transcripts. From April 1991 through April 1993, 387 consecutive women with a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer and 392 control women were identified from the outpatient clinics and wards of the Philippine General Hospital in Manila. This study focused on HPV16 and 18 to exclude that these frequently detected transforming types have been missed due to degradation or chemical modification because of formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. However, the HPV DNA prevalence did not show a clear trend with age or education. * E-mail: psalbano@ust.edu.ph, p.albano2013@gmail.com, Affiliations Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the virtually necessary (but not sufficient) cause of cervical cancer, 62 with 12 oncogenic types classified as group 1 carcinogens by the IARC Monographs. A study on the prevalence of HPV in invasive laryngeal cancer in the United States showed that HPV16 and HPV33 were the most commonly detected types. The most common HPV type in women with squamous cell carcinoma was HPV type 16 followed by HPV types 18, 45, 52, and 51; in women with adenocarcinomacarcinoma, HPV type 18 was the most common type followed by types 16 and 45. However, just because a woman has HPV or cervical dysplasia does not necessarily mean she will get cervical cancer. All RNA extracts (n = 26; 11 OPSCC cases and 15 non-OPSCC cases) tested positive for Ubiquitin C (ubC) transcripts, proving good quality of the samples. e0172240. 2010; 11(6):1781-7 (ISSN: 2476-762X) Young AM; Crosby RA; Jagger KS; Richardson MB; Kloha RA; Safarian V. AIM: To examine attitudes toward and acceptability of HPV vaccination among a community-based sample of women in the Philippines. DNA extraction from FFPE sections was done as described [13, 14]. Cellular ubiquitin C gene (ubC) was used to evaluate the quality of the recovered total RNA [13, 19]. The integration of HPV6 and 11 DNA into host genome, leading to the production of virus-cellular fusion transcripts have been demonstrated in said studies [45–48]. The said study, however, did not analyze for HPV33 mRNA [49]. here. The characteristics of the cases in this study—older, living in the rural areas, and conservative in terms of sexual behavior—may support the very low prevalence of HPV-driven OPSCC in the region. The Philippines has been identified as among the nations with high tobacco use but weak control programs [37]. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 93.8% of case subjects with squamous cell carcinoma and in 90.9% of case subjects with adenocarcinomacarcinoma compared with 9.2% of control subjects, giving age-adjusted odds ratios of 156 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 87-280) for squamous cell carci noma and 111 (95% CI = 31-392) for adenocarcinomacar cinoma. However, the distribution of the various risk factors in these two groups was similar to that of the rest of the control subjects, and their exclusion from the analysis did not change the risk estimates for HPV and other risk factors. Fifteen different HPV types were detected among the patients with squamous cell carcinoma, five among the patients with adenocarcinomacarcinoma, and 17 among the control subjects. Thirtytwo (9.9%) specimens from patients with squamous cell carcinoma, two (6.1%) from patients with adenocarcinoma adenosquamous carcinoma, and five (1.3%) from control women had HPVs that could not be typed with the 33 typespecific probes that we used and were classified as HPV X. Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines, Affiliation Resize Text. At that time, odds ratios (ORs) for HPV types 31, 33, and 35 and invasive cervical carcinoma had been reported for only the three types as a group from case-control studies in Spain and Colombia (1,3) and in Brazil (2). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. In addition, 53 women with benign disorders of the genital tract, who were ineligible according to our protocol, were included. The main implications of our HPV findings are as follows: 1) In addition to HPV types 16 and 18, HPV types 45, 51, 52, 58, and 59 can now be considered to be carcinogenic for humans, if we follow the criteria used for the IARC monograph to evaluate the carcinogenicity. Comparison of coverage statistics is limited by differences in age at vaccination, programme delivery strategy, and year. No similar assay for the other HPV types were available. The prevalence in the group of control subjects in the Philippines (9%) is lower than that reported in the control subjects in a study from Brazil (17%) in which the GP56 PCR-based assay was used (2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172240.t002. FEATURED CONTENT. Enzymatic Amplification Of Beta-Globin Genomic Sequences And Restriction Site Analysis For Diagnosis Of Sickle Cell Anemia. It can be argued that these ORs have been artificially increased because those case subjects whose exfoliated cells were negative for HPV were tested again by use of the biopsy specimens, whereas the exfoliated cells of the control subjects were tested only once. Perceived social support, access to transportation, perceived benefits of vaccination, perceived susceptibility to HPV, … Deparment of ENT Head and Neck Surgery, Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, Affiliation Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines, One Pap smear was prepared, and the remaining cells were eluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pelleted in PBS (2000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature), and kept at ?70 °C for later use for HPV DNA detection. The control subjects were attending the same hospital; therefore, it can be assumed that they came from the same population as the case subjects. The validity or reliability of the assays for HPV DNA detection is critically important in studies on HPV and cervical neoplasia (24,25). likewise reported presence of HPV33 DNA in two of their 32 LSCC samples but detected no HPV33 E6*1 mRNA [13]. ORs for other risk factors are given, adjusted for age and for age, HPV, and all variables included in the final model. The case subjects were consecutive incident case subjects attending the largest hospital in Manila, and all agreed to participate. Norway says no link between Pfizer vaccine and post-vaccination deaths . 20 The use of a 3D regimen remains however recommended for use in girls aged 15 y and above. Interestingly, one of the LSCC cases, a 49-year old male with history of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) tested positive for both HPV11 DNA and E6 mRNA. Group-Specific Differentiation Between High-And Low-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes By General Primer-Mediated Pcr Reaction And Two Cocktails Of Oligonucleotide Probes. HPV-associated HNSCC has also been observed to be more apparent among younger cohorts (<45 years old), usually without history of alcohol or tobacco use [31–34]. Only 60 (42.6%) among the 141 patients had at least one FFPE block that was positive for β-globin. In: Coppleson M, Monaghan Jm, Morrow Cp, Tattersall Mh, Editors. It has been shown that in countries or regions where there was increasing prevalence of HPV-associated HNSCC, there was likewise parallel increasing incidence of OPSCC[3]. 1)[1 + p (r? The first hybridization round was performed for HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, and 56. DNAse I digestion was performed prior to the last washing step to ensure exclusive amplification of RNA [14]. None of the samples tested positive to HPV16 or HPV18 DNA. The study protocol was cleared by the ethical committee of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and by local ethical committees. Copyright: © 2017 Albano et al. Only two of the DNA valid cases (2.4%) were HPV DNA-positive (HPV11 and HPV33). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay capable of detecting 33 HPV types was used (7,8), and ORs for the most common HPV types were estimated for both squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Coincidentally, northwest Philippines happens to be the biggest tobacco producing region of the country. Diverse prevalence rates of HPV DNA in OPSCC were observed in South Wales, United Kingdom (55%), Germany (50%), France (46.5%), Australia (36%), and Netherlands (29%) [14, 21–24]. HPV vaccination coverage is available on the National HPV Vaccination Program Register. All eligible case subjects and 387 (98.7%) of 392 eligible control subjects agreed to participate and provided biologic specimens. The analytical sensitivity of this qPCR is less than 100 HPV16 or 18 genome copies [18]. For case subjects, the combined prevalence of HPV DNA (detected in exfoliated cells and in biopsy specimens) is given. First name or full name . HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get the virus at some point in their lives. The Data Visualizations tool makes it easy for anyone to explore and use the latest official federal government cancer data from United States Cancer Statistics. METHODS: Self-administered surveys were completed by 435 adult women. Besides, when we are dealing with ORs of the magnitude found in this study, bias or confounding is very unlikely to explain the very strong associations with the various HPV types. Information on clinical stage was available for 371 (96%) of the case subjects. Statistical significance was tested by use of the likelihood ratio test for the difference for dichotomous variables and for two-sided linear trend for variables with logically ordered categories. The 65 to 75-bp biotinylated cDNA-PCR products were subsequently hybridized to oligonucleotide probes coupled to fluorescence-labeled polystyrene beads (Luminex® suspension array technology) detectable with Luminex® readers. FFPE and fresh frozen tissue sectioning was performed as described [12, 13]. The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection of the genital tract by some specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The third round was performed for HPV types 57, 61, 66, 70 (equivalent to CP141-7), 72 (equivalent to CP4137), 73 (equivalent to MM9), IS39 and MM4 (related to HPV51), MM7, CP6108, and CP8304. We report here the main results of a hospital-based, case-control study conducted in Manila, the Philippines, which has a population with intermediate rates for cervical cancer (age-adjusted incidence rate 25 per 100 000) (9). For HPV detection in the biopsy specimen, the sandwich method was used as described earlier (17). The Data Visualizations tool shows rates for HPV-associated cancers among women, among men, and among women and men combined. Only two of the DNA valid cases (2.4%) were HPV DNA-positive (HPV11 and HPV33). The virus is spread through skin-to-skin contact, so transmission can be reduced through safer sex practices including the consistent and proper use of condoms as well as a reduction in the number of sexual partners. These observations suggest that tobacco and alcohol may still be the major etiologic agents of HNSCC in northwest Philippines and not HPV [7, 35, 36]. In squamous cell carcinoma, they ranged from 81 for HPV58 to 506 for HPV16; in adenocarcinomacarcinoma, they ranged from 259 for HPV45 to 948 for HPV18. Clinical Invasive Carcinoma Of Cervix: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Staging And Pretreatment Evaluation. Head and neck cancers (HNC) are neoplasms that arise in the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses, and salivary glands [1]. here. Tobacco and heavy alcohol use have been established as main risk factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Concerning the HPV prevalence among control subjects, preliminary results from our ongoing study comparing the HPV prevalence in exfoliated cells with that detected in biopsy specimens taken from women without cervical neoplasia who were undergoing hysterectomy for various reasons indicate that the HPV prevalence is very similar in the two types of specimens. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines, For both histologic types, a very strong association was observed for the presence of HPV DNA; the ageadjusted OR for squamous cell carcinoma was 156 and that for adenocarcinoma adenosquamous carcinoma was 111. To our knowledge, this is the first case-control study in which the risk linked to specific HPV types has been estimated for adenocarcinomacarcinoma. RRP, a disease characterized by presence of squamous wart-like lesions within the respiratory tract, is caused by the ‘‘low risk” HPV types 6 and 11 [44]. It was even suggested that only 10–15% of this population practiced oral sex, and they are mostly the modern Filipino youth living in metropolitan area where sexual practices are more evolved [43]. HPV16 accounted for 82.2% of all HPV DNA-positive cases, making it the most commonly found genotype in HNSCC [6]. Two or more different HPV types were detected in 25 (7.7%) of the women with squamous cell carcinoma, in five (15.2%) of the women with adenocarcinoma adenosquamous carcinoma, and in five (1.3%) of the control subjects; these are counted twice or more in Table 2. Hence, only FFPE specimens were available for analysis until this study was initiated. Yes For patients with squamous cell carcinoma, the mean age was 47.2 years; for those with adenocarcinomacarcinoma, it was 48.4 years; for control subjects, it was 46.8 years. Briefly, snap-frozen tissues were cut in a way that the outer sections of a series of sections were used for histologic analysis, and the inner sections were used for PCR testing. The HPV DNA positives and a group of HPV DNA negatives (all OPSCC and randomly selected non-OPSCC) were analyzed for HPV16 E6*I mRNA and for other HPV types positive by HPV genotyping. HPV16 E6*I mRNA, among other HPV types, was analyzed in all OPSCC and random non-OPSCC cases since it has been shown to account for 82.2% of all HPV DNA positive cases [6]. The proper evaluation of risk factors other than HPV will require a pooled analysis of all case-control studies that we have carried out or are carrying out in various countries. Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is an infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Table 3 summarizes the association of squamous cell carcinoma with risk factors other than HPV. Subsequently, GP5+6+ PCR was repeated in triplicate on positive samples to generate sufficient products for further typing. For HPV11, which lacks the E6*I splice site, a 77-bp cDNA sequence of its E6 full-length (fl) RNA was amplified and detected by hybridization to an internal oligonucleotide probe. The histologic slides in which the diagnosis was made were reviewed by an expert pathologist (M. Santamaria). Thus, 22 (5%) case subjects and six (1.5%) control subjects classified as negative for I-globin and HPV DNA were excluded, which left 365 case subjects and 381 control subjects. In conclusion, in the Philippines as in other countries, cervical cancer is a late sequelae of infection with certain types of HPV. Diagnostic Molecular Pathology: A Practical Approach. In the Philippines, annual incidence rates for laryngeal, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are at 1.5, 2.4, and 1.3 per 100,000 population, respectively. The stages (10) were distributed as follows: stage I, 62 case subjects (17%); stage II, 136 case subjects (37%); stage III, 170 case subjects (46%); and stage IV, three case subjects (0.01%). Department of Pathology and Laboratories, Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, Affiliation With regard to smoking, a statistically significant increase in risk was observed with years of smoking and numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (data not shown). The observed associations of less preva lent HPV types with cervical cancer have important implications for cervi cal cancer prevention strategies. No, Is the Subject Area "HPV-16" applicable to this article? Most of these people are in their late teens or... It’s estimated that about 14 million Trusted Source people will newly contract HPV each year. Over the recent decades, effective campaigns against tobacco and alcohol use in many western countries have resulted in significant decline in the incidence of laryngeal and oral cavity but not oropharyngeal cancer [3, 4]. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining confirmed presence of tumor cells in all (n = 22) fresh frozen biopsies. A prospective sampling of fresh frozen tissue is also highly recommended to ensure better molecular analyses. Similar associations have been observed in our studies in Spain and Colombia (1,3,21), Brazil (2), and Morocco (22) but not in Thailand (23). The age-adjusted ORs for squamous cell carcinoma were as follows: HPV type 16, OR = 506; HPV type 18, OR = 276; HPV type 45, OR = 124; and HPV types 51, 52, 58, and 59, ORS = =80. 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